The Global Criminals

Developing countries are losing nearly $1 trillion to crime and corruption, with the disappearance of dirty money hitting some of the world's poorest regions hardest, a new report has found. A record $991 billion in unrecorded funds left 151 developing and emerging economies in 2012, up nearly 5 percent from a year earlier, Global Financial Integrity (GFI), a US-based watchdog that exposes financial corruption, said. Between 2003 and 2012, the estimated amount of illicit funds shifted from developing countries totalled $6.6 trillion and rose at an inflation-adjusted 9.4 percent a year - roughly double global GDP growth.

GFI President Raymond Baker said the estimated losses were conservative but were still more than 10 times the total amount of foreign aid these countries received. "Illicit financial flows are the most damaging economic problem plaguing the world's developing and emerging economies," Baker said in a statement. "It is simply impossible to achieve sustainable global development unless world leaders agree to address this issue head-on."

China, Russia, Mexico, India, Malaysia saw the largest outflow of dirty money - the proceeds from shady business, crime and corruption - over the decade and also in 2012. Sub-Saharan Africa suffered the biggest loss as a share of its economy, with the disappearance of dirty money averaging 5.5 percent of GDP. Nigeria and South Africa were among the top 12 nations with the largest volumes of illicit outflows. Asia was the region of the developing world with the greatest flow of dirty money over the decade, accounting for 40.3 percent of the world total, driven by China. But the researchers found growth of illicit flows was faster in other parts of the world, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa and in sub-Saharan Africa, where the growth was seen at 24.2 percent and 13.2 percent respectively.

The GFI research found fraudulent mis-invoicing of trade transactions was the most popular method to move money illegally and accounted for nearly 78 percent of illicit flows in 2012. Money is moved overseas through trade mispricing by fraudulent under-billing or over-invoicing for goods to avoid tax or to hide large transfers. One of the report's authors, GFI's Joseph Spanjers, said the trillion dollars lost from these economies in 2012 could have been invested in healthcare, education or infrastructure.