Change is afoot

More than 25,000 people were interviewed in a survey for BBC News Arabic by the Arab Barometer research network - across 10 countries and the Palestinian territories between late 2018 and spring 2019.

Since 2013, the number of people across the region identifying as "not religious" has risen from 8% to 13%. The rise is greatest in the under 30s, among whom 18% identify as not religious, according to the research.

Most people across the region supported the right of a woman to become prime minister or president. However, when it comes to domestic life, most - including a majority of women - believe that husbands should always have the final say on family decisions. Only in Morocco did fewer than half the population think a husband should always be the ultimate decision-maker.

Acceptance of homosexuality varies but is low or extremely low across the region. In Lebanon, despite having a reputation for being more socially liberal than its neighbours, the figure is 6%.

In every place questioned, research suggested at least one in five people were considering emigrating. In Sudan, this accounted for half the population.